Why Richard Nixon torpedoed the global monetary system

为什么尼克松破坏了全球货币体系

Behind the Money

2026-06-03

39 分钟
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A century ago, when depositors lost confidence in a bank, they’d rush to withdraw their cash. In 1971, US president Richard Milhous Nixon faced a similar dilemma. But his problem wasn’t ordinary citizens fearing for their savings. Instead, it was America’s closest allies who were nervously eyeing the dwindling supply of gold in Fort Knox at a time when the dollar’s value was tied to gold and allies’ currencies were in turn tied to the dollar. And just like a beleaguered bank manager of yore, Nixon chose to shut America’s doors to further withdrawals. His decision threatened to pull the plug on the entire international monetary system established at Bretton Woods in 1944. It was so unexpected and outrageous, it became known as the “Nixon Shock”. In the first of two episodes on the topic, hosts Gillian Tett and Robin Wigglesworth get the story from economist and ex-financier Jeffrey Garten – a man with a CV so long that he once even worked for the Nixon administration himself. Further reading: Three Days at Camp David: How a Secret Meeting in 1971 Transformed the Global Economy, by Jeffrey E Garten (2021) Gold and the dollar crisis, by Robert Triffin (1960) Credits: Getty Images, the Richard Nixon Presidential Library To enjoy future episodes, be sure to subscribe to The Story of Money wherever you get your podcasts, also on the show's dedicated YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/@FTTheStoryOfMoney Hosts: Gillian Tett and Robin Wigglesworth Producer: Laurence Knight Executive Producer: Manuela Saragosa Original music: Breen Turner Broadcast engineers: Bianca Wakeman and Petros Gioumpasis Podcast Development: Laura Clarke Video editor: Kristen Kenyon and Josh Divney at Podcast Discovery Learn more at www.ft.com/tsom or get in touch at thestoryofmoney@ft.com. Read a transcript of this episode on FT.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
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  • In 1955, for example, the US had 165% more gold than it needed to redeem all the dollars outside the U.S.

  • But by 1970, 1971, it only had 25%.

  • There was a fear in the U.S., and actually in other countries too, that they would come to the U.S.,

  • say, here are dollars, we want gold, and the U.S. wouldn't be able to redeem it.

  • Germany alone had more dollars than there was gold in Fort Knox.

  • So, drumroll.

  • I have directed Secretary Connally to suspend temporarily the convertibility of the dollar into gold.

  • Today on the story of money.

  • What happens when the president of the United States of America

  • makes a shocking unilateral decision to torpedo the entire post-war global economic order?

  • And nope, this time we're not talking about Donald Trump.

  • Let us take you back instead to 9pm East Coast time on the 15th of August 1971. US President Richard

  • Milhous Nixon is making a surprise appearance on the major TV networks, elbowing aside a scheduled viewing of Bonanza.

  • That was then the biggest TV show in America at the time.

  • American audiences had actually grown pretty used to these kind of unscheduled addresses.

  • Nixon typically used them to explain his latest moves in Vietnam, for example.

  • But this time, he had a very, very different subject on his mind.

  • The time has come for a new economic policy for the United States.

  • Its targets are unemployment, inflation and international speculation.

  • Unemployment and inflation are big concerns for American voters.