Reiner Pope – Chip design from the bottom up

雷纳·波佩 —— 从底层开始的芯片设计

Dwarkesh Podcast

2026-05-22

1 小时 20 分钟
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New blackboard lecture with Reiner Pope: how do chips actually work - starting with basic logic gates, and working up to why GPUs, TPUs, FPGAs, and the human brain each look the way they do. Reiner is CEO of MatX, a new chip startup (full disclosure - I’m an angel investor). He was previously at Google, where he worked on software efficiency, compilers, and TPU architecture. Watch this one on YouTube so you can see the chalkboard. Read the transcript. Sponsors * Crusoe was one of only five GPU clouds that made the gold tier in SemiAnalysis' most recent ClusterMAX report. Gold-tier providers like Crusoe delivered 5-15% lower TCO than silver-tier clouds, even with identical GPU pricing. This is because optimizations like early fault detection and rapid node replacement don't necessarily show up in the sticker price, but still matter a ton in the real world. Learn more at crusoe.ai/dwarkesh * Cursor is where I do most of my work—from reading research papers to visualizing technical concepts to coding up internal tools for the podcast. Most recently, I used it to build two different review interfaces for my essay contest, one that anonymizes submissions for scoring and another that lets me see applicants' essays next to their resumes and websites. Whatever you're working on, you should try doing it in Cursor. Get started at cursor.com/dwarkesh * Jane Street let me ask Ron Minsky and Dan Pontecorvo, two senior Jane Streeters, a bunch of questions about how they use AI. We discussed everything from the types of models they're training to how they think about the future of trading to why they're more bullish than ever on hiring technical talent. You can watch the full conversation and learn more about their open positions at janestreet.com/dwarkesh Timestamps 00:00:00 – Building a multiply-accumulate from logic gates 00:16:31 – Muxes and the cost of data movement 00:26:10 – How systolic arrays work 00:39:11 – Clock cycles and pipeline registers 00:51:51 – FPGAs vs ASICs 01:03:25 – Cache vs scratchpad 01:07:27 – Why CPU cores are much bigger than GPU cores 01:12:00 – Brains vs chips 01:15:33 – A GPU is just a bunch of tiny TPUs Get full access to Dwarkesh Podcast at www.dwarkesh.com/subscribe
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  • I'm back with Rainer Pope, who is the CEO of Maddox, which is a new AI chip company.

  • Last time we were talking about what happens inside a data center.

  • Now I understand what happens inside an AI chip.

  • How does a chip actually work?

  • Full disclosure, by the way, I am an initial investor in Maddox, so hopefully you have designed a good chip.

  • Also, if you're listening to this on an audio platform,

  • it's much preferable to watch this Blackboard lecture on a platform where you can see what's happening.

  • So switch over to YouTube or Spotify.

  • So I'll start with sort of the very smallest fundamental unit of chip design,

  • then we'll sort of build up into what an overall, like actual production chip, what are the components of that.

  • At the very bottom level of a chip, the primitives that we work with are logic gates,

  • which are very simple things like and or not.

  • And then these are connected together by wires that have to be laid out physically as metal traces on a chip.

  • The main function that AI chips want to compute is multiplication of matrices.

  • And really inside that is the fundamental primitive is multiply, accumulate of just like of pairs of numbers.

  • So we're going to sort of demonstrate what that calculation looks like by hand.

  • And then sort of infer what a circuit would look like for that.

  • It'll turn out to be sort of easiest if I do multiplication accumulator,

  • something like a 4-bit number with another 4-bit number.

  • And then we're going to, the actual clearest primitive is actually multiply accumulate.