Cobalt-free batteries reign in Chinese EVs. Why not the US?

无钴电池在中国电动汽车领域称霸。为何美国不行?

The Indicator from Planet Money

2025-08-20

9 分钟
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There’s been an era-defining race underway between two types of batteries used in electric vehicles: lithium batteries that use cobalt, and ones that use iron phosphate. Cobalt, a metal with a checkered human rights record, has been in the lead. Until recently.  Henry Sanderson’s book on the elements that build electric vehicles is Volt Rush: The Winners and Losers in the Race to Go Green.Related episodes: The race to produce lithium How batteries are already changing the grid How batteries are riding the free market rodeo in Texas How EV batteries tore apart Michigan (Update) Batteries are catching fire at sea For sponsor-free episodes of The Indicator from Planet Money, subscribe to Planet Money+ via Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org. Fact-checking by Sierra Juarez. Music by Drop Electric. Find us: TikTok, Instagram, Facebook, Newsletter.  Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoices NPR Privacy Policy
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  • NPR.

  • If you take a look inside your phone or your laptop,

  • you're likely to find a particular chemical element in the battery.

  • Cobalt.

  • Cobalt is a hard, shiny metal that helps stabilize lithium batteries that can store a lot of charge.

  • Cobalt batteries seem perfect for electric vehicles.

  • They don't weigh too much, but can fuel the cars for hundreds of miles.

  • But cobalt has downsides.

  • It's expensive and has a significant human cost.

  • Author Henry Sanderson went to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2019,

  • where most cobalt comes from.

  • A lot of the cobalt was mined by hand by individual laborers, often including children,

  • who dig it up with very little safety equipment and take this cobalt.

  • to sell it to stores on the side of the road many of which are chinese and this cobalt then goes to china and makes its way into the battery supply chain and into the electric vehicle Back then,

  • there was another battery available without cobalt, one that had been around since the 1990s.

  • Lithium-iron-phosphate batteries.

  • The two batteries had been in a two-horse race to fuel electric vehicles.

  • But before 2020, the race really looked like it had been won by cobalt,

  • and the future looked to be fueled by it too.

  • And yet, last week in a factory in Louisville, Kentucky, Ford made a big announcement.